HART 205. Introduction to the History of Art
Lecture
34 (November 30, 1998).
French Gothic Architecture
High Gothic (1194-1231)
The Cathedral of Chartres
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I. THE HIGH GOTHIC FRENCH CATHEDRAL (1194-1231)
A. General Considerations. No single solution, "bold simplification" of Chartres contrasts to the daring spatial complexities of Bourges. Chartres group develops from Northern School (e.g. Laon) with its interest in sculptural plasticity expressed by bundles of shafts and wall passages) and the Bourges group develops from the mural flatness and plan of the Parisian School (e.g. Notre- Dame, Paris). Uniform superstructure, increased lightness, clarity of surface articulation, nothing superfluous, entire structure can be read on the surface, perfection of the skeletal system. Flyers are integral part of design, use of tas-de-charge and porte-à-faux for stability and dynamic structural interaction.
B. Chartres Cathedral, 1037 dedication of Bishop Fulbert's choir, 1134 tower destroyed by fire, 1145-55 west facade built (sculpture and glass), 1194 fire and construction of Gothic church begun, 1220 vaults completed. Reims Cathedral, begun 1211 and Amiens Cathedral, begun 1220 share many features with Chartres Cathedral and are considered part of the Chartrain group of High Gothic buildings.
C. Bourges Cathedral, 1195 crypt and double ambulatory begun under Henri de Sully, archbishop of Bourges (1183-99) and brother of Eudes de Sully of Paris, 1195-1214 chevet, 1225-1250 nave and facade